Exercise D Lather Up
1. One-hundrcd-pcrcent lye can be purchase inexpensively from the grocery store. It is sold as a drain opener. Red Devil is a common brand. 2. Palm oil can be purchased from Hast Indian or Middle Eastern food stores. It is also known as vegetable ghee. Coconut oil can be purchased from the same source, although it is often sold as a soap-making supply in hobby stores. If soybean oil is substituted for palm oil, stirring time will be about 30-40 minutes. 3. Food dyes cannot be used to color...
Laboratory Topic Algaefrom Diversity To Dessert
Cultures are available through most biological supply companies including Carolina Biological and Ward's. Thcv also have a limited selection of freshly collcctcd brown and red algae. Preserved materials, herbarium specimens, and prepared slides arc also available. 1. Irish moss CJmndrus erispus is available at stores thar sell supplies for making beer, smcc it is used for pre cipitating proteins in the wort. It is generally sold chopped up or tlaked in small bottles and is inexpensive. It is...
Learning Objectives
After completing this laboratory topic, students should be able to 1. Describe the events that occur during all the stages of cell division. 2. Rccognize the stages of cell division under the microscope. 3. Describe the process of tissue culturing. 4. Understand the need for sterile technique in tissue culturing. 5. Understand how cell division contributes to asexual reproduction. 6. Describe how to make cuttings for plant propagation. EXERCISE A Cell Division Cell division is just a small part...
Procedure for Exercise C Rxt
1. Obtain 5 test tubes. Label these 1 10, 1 100, 1 1,000, 1 10,000, and 1 100,000. Placc them in a test tube rack, and fill each tube with 9 ml of the 5 sugar solution. 2. Select two peppers from those available in lab. Using vinyl gloves, cut off and weigh out 5 g of one of the peppers. Place it in a moriar and add 5 ml of 95 ethanol. Using the pestle, grind tor several minutes. Transfer 1 ml of the solution into the tube marked 1 10. Cover and shake well. Transfer 1 ml into the tube marked 1...
Design
Laboratory Manual for Applied Botany has a flexible design. Each of the 18 topics is divided into multiple exercises from which the instructor can pick and choose. The organization of topics follows that of Plants and Society 2d cd. however, each laboratory topic is complete within itself and instructors may reorder them according to their courses. Most of the laboratory can be completed within a 2-3 hour laboratory period, although a few exercises require students to check back later for...
EXERCISE A Your Piece of the Sun
All organisms function by using and processing energy. Energy enters the web of life via photosyndicsis, is stored in biomass, and is released by cellular respiration see Laboratory Topic 5 . As a living being, you arc dependent on a continual inflow of energy. Since humans arc not capablc of photosynthesis, we must get all our energy from the food we eat. Where did the energy in our food come from Ultimately it came from the sun. The objective of this excrcisc is for you to get a sense for...
Exercise A Roots To Anchor And Absorb 1
1. Germinate radish seedlings 3-4 days prior to lab to sec good root hairs. Keep in moist chambers sincc root hairs collapsc readily in the air. Quickly transfer several seedlings to pctri dishes lined with moistened filter paper for student examination. 2. Although carrots could be used instead of parsnips, the parsnip is preferable bccausc it is white and the stains show up much better. 3. I2KI turns blue-black in the presence of starch. To prepare I2KI stain, dissolve 20 g of K1 potassium...
OTHER ACTIVITIES Emy
1. Purchase carnivorous plants ro view a less typical function of leaves. 2. Construct a leaf kev to the trees in vour area based on characteristics of leaves. 3. Examine the differences between sun and shade leaves. Tracc die shape of sun versus shade leaves on graph paper and calculate the difference in surface area between the two types. Speculate as to why these size differences occur. 4. Investigate the history and folklore of sonic common vegetables. Find medicinal uses, unusual...
Procedure for Exercise C Glc
1. Twig description, lake a walk outside, and collect a sample of twigs from various deciduous trees. Alter you have 5 or 6 twigs from different species, lay them out and observe their characteristics. What features do thev have in common What distinctive characters are found on some of the twigs bur not others Select one of the twigs and describe it as thoroughly as you can. At this point, use your own words and don't worry about the precise terminology. Your job is to describe the twig so...
Procedure for Exercise C Qhi
1. Comparing transpiration and evaporation. Cover the pot of a Coitus plant with plastic wrap to expose only the shoot stem and leaves . Place the potted plant under a bell jar. Seal the bottom edge of the bell jar to a glass plate with petroleum jelly. Set up two controls for comparison. Place a wet sponge under the second bell jar sealed to a glass plate. Seal the third bell jar to a glass plate and keep it empty. After 2-3 hours, observe the inner surface of the bell jars. What do you see...
Lab Section Number 1
WORKSHEET 1-3 EXERCISE E PLANTS TO DYE FOR 5. From your knowledge of anthocyanins, what factor appears to determine if the same vacuolar pigments are red in one plant cranberry but blue in a different plant blueberry Explain.
Materials Needed for Exercise C 1
Leaves to demonstrate composition, venation, and arrangement Prepared slide of aloe Aloe leaf cross sccrion Prepared slide of privet Lijjnstrum leaf cross sect ion from both sides of the leaf Now that you know leaf anatomy, what soft tissues specifically are you scraping off 4. You should now have a leaf skeleton that shows the venation pattern of the leaf. 5. If desired, stain with dyes by immersing the leaf in a dye solution. 6. Place the leaf between two pieces of newspaper, add a heavy book...
Watermelon
B rry Moro or loss lloshy throughout and not as pepo or hesperidium Pericarps dividod into thin, skin-liko exocarp thick, lloshy mesocarp and hard, stony ondocarp Drupe Pericarp with fleshy mesocarp and stony or hard ondocarp usually single seod Legumo Fruit ot one carpol splits atong two seams membor ot Fabacoao Folllclo Fruit of ono carpel splits along ono soam Fruit splits opon when ripo contains nurnorouB soods Capsule Fruit o 2 or moro fusod carpels splits in a variety ot ways Sillquo...
Worksheet Exercise C Transpiration
1. COMPARING TRANSPIRATION AND EVAPORATION What did you observe from the demonstration of the plant and sponge under bell jars What can you conclude about the role of water evaporation and transpiration 2. DETECTING WATER LOSS TRANSPIRATION Record the time required to turn the cobalt chloride strip from blue to pink. Which surface of the leaf had the fastest transpiration rate, upper or lower How long did it take your control strip suspended in the air to turn pink Record the number of stomata...
Exercise B The Nuts And Bolts Of Stem Anatomy
1. The stainless steel nut-and-bolt microtome is from Dickcy 1995 . The diameter size of the nut is X-in., which makes a 4-in. diameter well. The bolt is 1 -Y in. long. These can be purchased from the local hardware store. 2. For the embedding medium, we recommend Paraplasm a mix of paraffin and plast ic polymers available from Carolina Biological, but you can use paraffin wax. Melt before class rime. 3. Most of the paraffin can be removed from the nuts and bolts by scraping with a dissccting...
Science as a Process
Scicncc is more than a mere collection of facts. Science is a process of acquiring new knowledge. Science is a systematic way of discovering new explanations based on empirical evidence about the natural world. Science is a way of knowing. Science is also a social endeavor. To the general public, science is often misunderstood. A typical image of a scientist is some geek in a lab coat surround by beakers spewing chemicals. Science is much more. Science is a process for understanding the inner...
Procedure for Exercise D Pui
1. Peel 3 or 4 cloves of fresh garlic F . Cut off the attachment scar on the bottom. 2. Weigh out 10 g of garlic. Surface sterilize by dipping in 15 bleach for 5 scconds and rinsing in distilled water. 3. Using a sterile mortar and pestle, thoroughly grind the garlic in 10 ml of sterile distilled water. The results should be a pulpy slurry with no chunks. Transfer die slurry to an empty pctri dish. Label the petri dish A. This will be your full-strength sample. 4. Weigh out 1 g of the...
EXERCISE A Diversity of Fleshy Fruits
Rotanically, a fruit is a ripened ovary and its contents. Within the fruit arc seeds. The embryo of the next generation lies within the seed. Most botanists restrict the term fruit to the flowering plants and do not refer to the mature female reproductive structures of gym-nosperms e.g., pine cones as fruits. However, the botanical definition does not always follow the common usage. To the average consumer, a fruit is typically sweet and would most likclv be eaten as a snack or dessert. To that...
Exercise D Antibiotic Activity Of Secondary Products In Garlic
1. To prepare the roasted garlic, separate the clovcs from a head of garlic, but do not peel. Wrap the clovcs in foil and bake for SO minutes at 150 C about 300 F . 2. Review sterile technique with the students. 3. Use actively growing cultures about 18 hours old of E. colt and B. subtilis as the source of inoculum for the plates. Grow die cultures in LB broth at 37 C. 4. Demonstrate to the class how to inoculate the plates so that cultures will develop a solid lawn of the test organisms....
Procedure for Exercise A
The Vernier C02 gas sensor monitors the concentration levels of CO gas in air. In this cxcrcisc, you will use the gas sensor to monitor changes in the levels within a closed chamber as your test plant either consumes CO via photosynthesis or produces C02 via respiration. When die gas sensor is connected to a computer, you can easily observe the changes in levels over time and record your results. Once you are familiar with the system, you will be able to pose your own questions, formulate your...
Laboratory Topic I Cells Of Crystal And Color
EXERCISE A PLANT CELLS WITHOUT WALLS 1. Buffer solution is approximately 13 mannitol or 0.625 M mannitol FW 182.2 . Prepare by dissolving 56.94 g of mannitol and add distilled water to bring to tinal volume of 500 ml. Adjust the pH to 6-7 by adding drops of 0.1 N NaOH. Distribute 10 ml of buffer solution to each student team. 2. For each student group, measure out 0.1 g of pecti-nase and 0.2 g of ccllulysin. These should be added to 10 ml of buffer solution immediately' before use to make an...
EXERCISE B Common Types of Wood
The beauty and strength of wood lies in the orientation of its cclls and tissues. The vessels, trachcids, and fibers are oriented along the long axis, w hile the rays of parenchyma arc oriented along the radius. Annual growth rings arc composed of alternating concentric layers of softer earlywood and denser late wood. When combined, all these cclls help make wood an immensely strong material for its weight. That is why wood is an excellent material for constructing buildings, making furniture,...
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Usq
After completing this laboratory topic, students should be able to 1. Describe the attributes used to distinguish the types of fruits. 2. Recognize a diversity of fruit types. 3. Describe the origin, history, and use of common edible fruits. 4. Understand the effects of variables such as seed and fruit morphology or wind speed on dispersal distances. 5. Conduct a scientific inquiry by posing questions, designing investigations, collecting empirical data, testing hypotheses, and communicating...
Additional Activities
With the help of your instructor, obtain and investigate other plant derived drugs and extracts to test on the blackworm. WORKSHEET 17-1 EXERCISE A COMPARISON OF PULSE RATES BPM I. To see general trends, make a bar graph to show the changes before and after in pulse rate as a function of concentration. WORKSHEET 17-1 EXERCISE A COMPARISON OF PULSE RATES BPM OF THE CALIFORNIA BLACKWORM continued 2. What conclusions can be drawn about the effects of the bioactive drugs tested upon pulse rate in...
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION Cqd
1. What arc some differences between monocot and dicot roots 2. How docs the organization of a monocot stem differ from that of a dicot stem 3. Can you tell from a cross section of a leaf whether the leaf is a monocot or a dicot Explain. 4. You saw how aloe leal anatomy has been modilied to store water in an arid environment. Can vou think of other leaf modifications that would con serve water 5. IIow can you distinguish a leaf from a leaflet 6. You find a fossil plant organ. Your general...
EXERCISE A Investigating Herbal Remedies With the Shrimp Bioassay
A bioassay uses a living organism to test the toxicity of chemicals. One of the earliest bioassays was employed by miners who worked in underground coal mines. One by-product of coal mining is the release of methane, a deadly, odorless gas Caged canaries would accompany the miners on their journey deep into the earth to act as a bioassay for the presence of methane. If the birds died, methane concentrations in die mine were at dangerous levels. a warning that the miners should evacuate. You...
EXERCISE A The Blackworm Model to Test Bioactive Drugs
To test the actions of bioactive drugs derived from plants, you will work with a segmented worm, or annelid. In dicsc worms, the body is organized into repeated rings or segments. Annelids can be found in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments. There are three classes of annelids, based on the relative number of bristles, or setae on the body wall. You will be studying a spccics within the oligochaetes, annelids that have few bristles in this case, only four per segment. Our...
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Jwq
After completing this laboratory topic, students should be able to 1. Better understand the genetic component of plant growth and development. 2. Recognize the generic diversity of plants, in particular edible members of Brassica. 3. Relate the concept of a biological species ro crop varieties, ability to interbreed, and range of heritable traits. 4. Understand the life cycle of a tast-growing plant from seed to seed. 5. Relate the process of human-guided selection to changes in populations of...
EXERCISE A Fungal Diversity
Fungus-like organisms occur in both the Kingdom Protista and the Kingdom Fungi. In this lab, wc will look at several groups of organisms in rhe Kingdom Fungi. The Division Zvgomycota includes a large group of fungi that have very simple structures. There are rwo characteristic reproductive structures in this group. The asexual reproductive structure is the sporangium, within which asexual spores arc produced. The sporangium pi. sporangia develops on a specialized hvpha called a sporangiophore...
Exercise B Clones From Tissue Culture
1. It is important to stress sterile technique, since the cultures can casilv become contaminated. You should demonstrate how to sterilize instruments by dipping in alcohol and passing through a flame. Explain the safety precautions ncccssary when using alcohol near an open flame. If a laminar flow hood is available, have the students use it. This will dramatically cut down on the contamination. If not, make sure the students clear their lab benches and wipe the counters down with 70 ethanol....
Procedure for Exercise B Pfu
1. Assessing the nutritional balance of your diet . You collected data on all the food you consumed for seven days. If you arc a typical student, you probably eat better on some days than others. Select one day that you think is typical for your lifestyle and eating habits. In Exercise A, we looked at the caloric value of food. Here we examine the other nutritional aspects of food in greater detail. For the day you chose, use the USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Release, Release 13 see...
Laboratory Topic The Fungus Among Us
1. We have suggested that students do not open the pctri dishes containing actively growing cultures of Rbizopus Pcnieillium, and Aspergillus, since many students have allergies and many fungal spores are common allergens. 2. The following technique will stain endomycorrhizal fungi in roots. The fungus will stain deep blue, while the root cells arc pale blue or unstained. You can prcstain the roots and have the students mount the roots on slides and look for VA mycorrhizac, or you can have the...
Materials Needed for Exercise A Xjj
Hand lens or magnifying glass Legume flowers Legume seed mix Mung bean sprouts Peanuts in the shell Pods of green beans, snowpcas, and others Soy-based foods FIGURE 12.1 LEGUME MORPHOLOGY A FLOWER B FRUIT C SEED D SEEDLING. 1 Obtain a flower of black locust, wisteria, Texas blue-bonnet, garden pea, bean or odier legume flower. You may want to refer to Laboratory Topic 6 to review flower structure. Is the legume flower regular radial symmetry or irregular bilateral symmetry What is the number of...
Materials Needed for Exercise
FIGURE 13.2 STARCH GRAINS OF A BANANA B CROWN OF THORNS. AND C POTATO. FIGURE 13.2 STARCH GRAINS OF A BANANA B CROWN OF THORNS. AND C POTATO. Dropper bottle of iodine solution IjKI Plants to examine tor leucoplasts and starch grains e.g., white potato, crown of thorns, banana- Starch of arrowroot, potato, corn, ctc. 1. Place a drop of distilled water on the center of a glass slide. Using a dissecting needle, obtain a very small sample of the starchy flesh of a banana and put this sample in the...
EXERCISE B Economic Fibers
Botanically, the term fiber describes one type of sclc-renchyma cell, but commercially the term has a much broader definition and includes other plant ccll types as well as animal and synthetic sources of fabrics. Since prehistoric times, plants have been used as a source of material for textiles and cordage. Archacological evidence indicates the Swiss Like dwellers used linen fabric 10,000 years ago. Similar evidence for the use of cotton has been discovered in excavations in coastal Peru....
Worksheet I I Exercise A A Typical Grass Plant
I. Sketch the grass plant here to illustrate all its unique vegetative and reproductive features. 2. What characteristics of the grass plant allow for support and flexibility 3. What characteristics of a grass help the plant respond to herbivory 4. What characteristics of a grass are well suited to plants living in disturbed habitats, such as plowed fields or urban settings WORKSHEET I 1-2 EXERCISE B THE BOTANY OF BAKING
Worksheet Exercise B Airborne Fungi
I. Can you tell any differences between the appearance of the fungi from the outdoor samples and the indoor samples 2. Were there differences at different times of the day 3. Would you say that the indoor locations you selected were contaminated 4. The spores that landed on the culture plate produced colonies using nutrients available in the medium. In the natural environment, what might these fungi be growing on
EXERCISE A Plant Tissues
Ground tissues constitute the majority of nonwoody plant organs. They arc diverse in size and shape, and dicy perform a variety of functions. The diree ground tissues are parenchyma, collcnchyma, and sclerenchyrma tig. 3.1 . Of diese, parenchyma shows the greatest diversity' in form and function. Parenchyma consists of thin-walled, living cclls that occur in different regions of the plant body. Parenchyma cells can be almost any size or shape however, thev are frequently described as a 14-sidcd...
Procedure for Exercise C 1
1. Examine the leaves from several species on display and identity for each the blade, petiole, and stipules. 2. Examine the leaves on display in the lab and determine for each whether it is simple or compound, and if compound, whether the leaflets are arranged pin-nately or palmatcly. Also determine leaf arrangement alternate, opposite, or whorled and venation patterns net or parallel . 3. With just a basic understanding of leaf morphology, vou can use a kev to identify some common trees. A ....
EXERCISE A Roots to Anchor and Absorb
The typical plant root is a vertical, underground axis, and as such it provides the plant with a firm footing in the soil. Roots also function as the primary source of water and mineral absorption. Additionally, roots are often storage sites for plants. In arid regions, the root may store water. Roots may also be enlarged for the storage of starch, an energy reserve. The root systems are organized as either tap or fibrous. Common to many dicots, a tap root system has a single main root,...
BACKGROUND Cbe
Flowers arc sexual reproductive structures, and as such, they play a pivotal role in the life cycic of angiosperms. However, flowers have many connections to human life as well. The beauty of flowers enhances the surroundings in our yards and our parks, as well as inside our homes. Flowers have also been used as an enduring expression of love and remembrance between people. The essential oils from petals have furnished the fragrances of flowers to die production of perfumes, incense, and...
Worksheet Exercise A Your Piece Of The Sun
Instructions for computing energy intake by food types Use the data reported on worksheet 10-1 to complete the chart on the following page. Column I Assign each food item to a food subcategory. The subcategories relate to the relative amount of energy in edible food produced per square meter of cropland or ocean surface yield . You may need to split the energy kcal for a specific food into more than one subcategory. For example, most salad dressing can be divided about half and half between...
EXERCISE A Flower Structure
Flowers arc modified branches bearing four sets of floral organs. The tloral organs arc sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. These four flower parts are in whorls on the receptacle, the expanded top of the flower stalk, or pedicel fig. 6.1 . The sepals are the outermost floral organs. They are leaflike structures that cover the unopened flower bud. In most flowers, the sepals arc green and photosynthetic. The petals make lip the next whorl of flower parts. Petals are often brighdy colored and...
TERMS TO KNOW Fkf
Agar I 16 alginic acid 116 carrageenan 116 centric 115 Chlorophyta 115 Chrysophyta 114 cyanobactcria 113 diatoms 114 diatomaceous earth 117 dinotlagcllatc 114 Kuglcnophyta 115 trustulc 114 harmful algal blooms 120 hctcrocysts 115 hydrocolloids 116 Kingdom Moncra 113 Kingdom Protista 1 14 pcnnarc 115 Phacophyta 115 Pyrrophyta 114 red tides 120 Rhodophyta 115 1. Which algae have rigid, glasslike walls 2. The term seaweed refers to which groups of algae 3. How can you distinguish the various...
Procedure for Exercise B
1. Obtain a leaf of aloe, the burn plan. Note that the leaves are fleshy, or succulent. This is commonly seen in plants in arid environments as an adaptation for water storage. Break open a leaf. Note the gel in die middle of the leaf. This contains aloin and chryso-phanic acid, ingredients that have been known for centuries to heal the skin. Many people keep an aloe plant in the kitchen window and apply the gel to minor burns and cuts. Aloe is the main ingredient in many over-the-counter...
Exercise B Pollen Morphology 1
1 Only a limited number of pollen slides arc available commercially from biological supply houses. For the pollen in this exercise, you w ill need to make the slides yourself. The pollen can be collected from the field if you plan ahead, but it may be easier to order the pollen from a lab that prepares extracts for allergy injections. Four of til esc pollen types will also be needed to make slides for lixercisc C. Greer Laboratories. Inc. P.O. Box 800, Lenoir, N 28f gt 45 828-754-5327 stocks a...
TERMS TO KNOW Wna
Ammonium NH4- 162 cotvledon 161 dicotyledons 161 drying oils 163 epicotyl 161 fats 163 hilum 161 hypocotvl 161 legume 161 micropylc 161 monounstaturatcd oils fatty acids 163 nitrogen fixation 162 nitrogen gas N 161 nondrying oils 163 oils 163 pod 161 polyunsaturated oils fattv acid 163 radicle 161 saponification 164 saturated tats fatty acids 163 seeds 159 seed coat testa scmidrying oils 163 triglycerides 163 unsaturated oils tarn acids 163
Worksheet Exercise C Algae As Indicators Of Water Pollution
Palmer Algal Pollution Score for Water Sample from Palmer Algal Pollution Score for Water Sample from Correction if Sample Was Concentrated Calculate the density number o' individuals per ml from Equation 1 in the procedure lot Exercise C. Calculate the density number o' individuals per ml from Equation 1 in the procedure lot Exercise C.
WORKSHEET EXERCISE C TRANSPIRATION continued
Describe your experimental design. What are your experimental units What are your controls How many replicates of both experimental variables and controls are you planning to get reasonable results Report your results. You should create your own summary tables or graphs. Interpret your results. What does it all mean What additional questions do your results suggest
Lab Section Number
WORKSHEET I-I EXERCISE A PLANT CELLS WITHOUT WALLS I. What is the purpose of cellulase in the protoplast exercise Pectinase 2. Why is it necessary to be gentle with protoplasts 3. At one time it was thought that vegans, those whose diet is based solely on plants, would not get sufficient quantities of calcium. After completing these laboratory exercises, what do you think of that assumption Why WORKSHEET 1-2 EXERCISE C PLANT ULTRASTRUCTURE 4. Label the structures of a plant cell as seen in a...
