Exercise A Roots To Anchor And Absorb 1
1. Germinate radish seedlings 3-4 days prior to lab to sec good root hairs. Keep in moist chambers sincc root hairs collapsc readily in the air. Quickly transfer several seedlings to pctri dishes lined with moistened filter paper for student examination. 2. Although carrots could be used instead of parsnips, the parsnip is preferable bccausc it is white and the stains show up much better. 3. I2KI turns blue-black in the presence of starch. To prepare I2KI stain, dissolve 20 g of K1 potassium...
Cell division
When a plant grows the cell number increases in the growing points or apical and lateral meristems of the stems and roots see p93 . The process of mitosis involves the division of one cell to produce two new ones. The genetic information in the nucleus is reproduced exactly in the new cells to maintain the plant's characteristics. Each chromosome in the parent cell produces a duplicate of itself, thus producing sufficient material for the two new daughter cells see Figure 6.3 . A delicate,...
Euschistus conspersus Uhler Hemiptera Pentatomidae
Distribution. Consperse stink bug occurs in western North America from British Columbia and Idaho south to California and Nevada. It is a native species. Host Plants. Consperse stink bug damages vegetable and fruit crops. Known principally as pest of tomato, it also feeds on apple, apricot, blackberry, fig, loganberry, peach, pear, plum, and raspberry. It also is found occasionally in alfalfa, barley, cotton, sorghum, and sugarbeet. Among the numerous weeds known to support consperse stink bug...
Unani Bhui Aaamalaa
Action Plant diuretic, deobstru-ent, astringent, anti-inflammatory, styptic. Used as a single drug in the treatment of jaundice. Used in prescriptions for dyspepsia, indigestion, chronic dysentery, urinary tract diseases, diabetes, skin eruptions. The leaves yielded lignans phyl-lanthin bitter , hypophyllanthin nonbitter niranthin, nirtetralin and phyl-tetralin. The whole plant gave a number of flavonoids, including quercetin, quercitrin, astragalin, rutin, kaempfer-ol. Isolation of a...
Plant Names
Many plants have been given common names. These tend to be locally derived, so multiple names may exist for a single plant species if it grows naturally in different parts of the world. There are also instances where the same common name is used for different plants. Thyme is the common name used for more than 350 species in the genus Thymus. Only a few of these species are used for culinary purposes, so it is important to purchase the correct plant if you want to eat it. Horticulturists use a...
Allium schoenoprasum Linn
Habitat Native to temperate northern Europe and the U.S. distributed in the western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon at altitudes of 2,400-3,000 m. Action Used in place of young onions. An alcoholic extract of the bulbs exhibited hypotensive and cardiac depressant activity. The aerial parts chives gave alliins alkylcysteine sulfoxides , particularly methyl alliin and pentylalliin. Allium tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng, found in eastern India and western Himalayas, is equated with Chinese Chives. It...
Glassy Cutworm Apamea devastator Brace Lepidoptera Noctuidae
Distribution. This native species occurs throughout the United States and southern Canada except for the southeastern states. Its range also includes South America. Host Plants. Glassy cutworm is principally a grass-feeding species, and crop damage is most likely done when crops follow sod or are planted into fields heavily infested with grassy weeds. In Oregon, Kamm 1990 reported that bentgrass, Agrostis tenus ryegrass, Lolium perenne and wild oats, Avena fatua were attractive to ovipositing...
Propagating fruit trees
Figs, mulberries and blueberries are easy to propagate. Simply take a 30 cm cutting from an established tree during late spring or early summer and plant it in its permanent position. Place the cutting in a mixture of coarse sand and soil. It will quickly grow a root system and become established. Frangipani and monstera deliciosa can also be propagated this way. Cuttings for hibiscus and other similar plants will quickly grow a root system if you place 15 cm cuttings in pots and keep them...
Financial information Qbp
A full financial analytical model for medicinal herb production, using Echinacea purpurea as an example, is provided in the chapter on financial models. An analysis of this type should be conducted for each proposed medicinal herb crop. The model presented is based on a production area of 1 ha, although is is noted that this level of investment for 1 ha is impractical. The investment presented in this model could probably facilitate larger scale herb production, up to about 6 ha. For less than...
Zingiber officinale Rose
Habitat Native to Southeast Asia now cultivated mainly in Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra. Ayurvedic Fresh rhizome Aardraka, Aadrikaa, Shrngibera, shrngavera, Katubhadra. Dried rhi-zome Shunthi, Naagara, Naagaraa, Naagaraka, Aushadha, Mahaushad- ha, Vishvaa, Vishvabheshaja, Vishvaaushadha. Unani Fresh rhizome Zanjabeel-e-Ratab, Al-Zanjabeel. Dried rhizome zanjabeel, Zanjabeel-e-yaabis. Siddha Fresh rhizome Inji, Allam, Lokottai. Dried rhizome chukku, Sunthi....
Wind damage
Long shoots are very susceptible to wind damage or breakage in spring and summer. Not only can wind cause fruit loss, but it also may reduce economic yields by causing the fruit to rub. When rubbed, fuzzy kiwi first lose their fuzz and then develop a callus, whereas the hardy types develop a callused or scabbed area. Scabbed fruit are suitable only for processing. In windy areas, wind breaks such as poplars help reduce economic losses. Plant wind breaks to provide 200 to 250 feet of protection...
Grape rootstocks in California
Chiarappa amp Buddenhagen 1994 have reported a false loss of resistance to Phylloxera now renamed Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, Fitch in the hybrid grape rootstock AxR 1 in the Napa and Sonoma Valleys of California. It appears that Lider 1957 had discovered a considerable increase in yield from the use of this rootstock and, as a consequence, some 20,000 hectares were planted with it in the Napa and Sonoma Valleys. Unfortunately, it appears that Lider had not used a susceptible control in his...
Saccharum munja Roxb
Synonym S. sara Roxb. S. bengalense Retz. Erianthus munja Jesw. Habitat Throughout the plains and low hills of India. Ayurvedic Munja, Bhadramuja, Vaana, Shara, Sara, Raamshara. Siddha Tamil Munjipul, Munjap-pullu. Action Refrigerant. Useful in burning sensation, thirst, dyscrasia, erysipelas and urinary complaints. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends the use of the root in dysuria, giddiness and vertigo. The stem is a good source of furfural yield 5.67 , dry basis . It yields 19.5...
Fertilizing and watering Xam
The organic content of the soil is important, but fertilizing isn't don't fertilize because it will decrease the flavor of the garlic bulbs. Detailed information on fertilizing is given in Spadework The Essential Soil in Part 1. Keep the garlic slightly dry, especially when the bulbs are near maturity this also improves the flavor. Keep the area cultivated. Occasionally onion thrips may attack garlic, but they don't constitute a real problem hose them off the plants if they do appear. Garlic is...
Folk Silang Silingi Bagahul Buuk
Action Diuretic, genitourinary tract disinfectant. Flowers antiseptic, insecticidal. Used for protecting clothes from insects. The flowers yield an oil containing oleanolic and urosolic acids, beta-sitosterol, glycosides and a wax 0.04 composed mainly of triacontane. The leaves are reported to contain a philly-rin-like glycoside. Osmanthus suavis King, known as Silingi in Nepal and Chashing in Bhutan, is found in eastern Himalayas at altitudes of 2,700-3,000 m and in Aka hills in Assam. It is...
House Plants
American gardeners have taken bonsai concepts and have applied them to houseplants. By combining traditional procedures for handling houseplants with bonsai concepts of design, growers have created different bonsai styles. The following alphabetical list consists of woody plants native to the tropics and subtropics of the world that have been grown as indoor bonsai. These plants can be obtained from either local or specialized nurseries. Aralia Polyscias balfouriana, Polyscias fruticosa,...
Sonchus oleraceus Linn
Habitat Waste places throughout India, up to elevation of 2,400 m. English Milk Thistle a confusing synonym. Silybum marianum has been equated with Milk Thistle. Action Galactagogue, febrifuge, sedative, vermifuge. Used in indigestion and in the treatment of diseases of the liver. An ointment is made from the decoction for wounds and ulcers. The leaves contain luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside hydroxycoumarins, cichoriin and scopoletin. Apigenin-7-O-glucoside was also obtained from the leaves...
Folk Bagharenda var
Action Seed highly toxic. Nut purgative. Plant used for scabies, ringworm, eczema, whitlow, warts, syphilis. Stem bark applied to wounds of animal bites root bark to sores. The protein of the seed contains the toxic albumin curcin protein 18.0 , curcin 0.005 . Seed and seed oil more drastic purgative than castor seed oil and milder than Croton tiglium oil. An aqueous 10 infusion of leaves increased cardiac contraction is small doses. EtOH 50 extract of aerial parts diuretic and CNS depressant....
OTHER ACTIVITIES Emy
1. Purchase carnivorous plants ro view a less typical function of leaves. 2. Construct a leaf kev to the trees in vour area based on characteristics of leaves. 3. Examine the differences between sun and shade leaves. Tracc die shape of sun versus shade leaves on graph paper and calculate the difference in surface area between the two types. Speculate as to why these size differences occur. 4. Investigate the history and folklore of sonic common vegetables. Find medicinal uses, unusual...
Brassica oleracea
Cabbages, Brussels sprouts, kohl rabi, cauliflower, broccoli, and kales. This is an ancient domestication, and many of these crops were known to the ancient Romans. It is a complex species probably derived from three wild species with a presumed doubling of chromosome number, followed by the loss of some chromosomes. The species is open-pollinated and requires recurrent mass selection, although some self-pollination occurs with sprouts, cauliflowers, and kohl rabi. Most of the crops are...
SiddhaTamil Charai Kattu Ilandai Kottaimaram Todari
Folk Churnaa, Sekaraa Bihar Torana Gujarat . Action Bark astringent, an-tidiarrhoeal. Flowers used in prescriptions for menorrhagia. Stem and fruit hypotensive. The bark contains vanillic acid, be-tulin, betulinic acid, kaempferol, quer-cetin, myricetin, apigenin and apige-nin-7-O-glucoside. The bark also contains several N-formyl cyclopeptide alkaloids. The triterpene saponins isolated from the bark showed CNS depressant, tranquilizing and analgesic activity in albino rats and produced no...
Lobelia leschenaultina
Family Campanulaceae Lobeli-aceae. Habitat Hills of South India at altitudes above 1,800 m. Folk Devanala var. Maharashtra. Action Leaves filtered solution is used in the control of aphids, tingids and mites on vegetable and other crops. Plant poisonous to man and livestock. The leaves are cured and smoked as tabacco. quantities of nor-lobelanine and small amounts of lobinine and minor bases. Lobelia cardinalis Linn., Cardinal Flower, is cultivated in Indian gardens. It contains lobinaline as...
Viscum album Linn
Synonym V. costatum Gamble. Family Viscaceae Loranthaceae. Habitat Temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal between 1,200 and 2,700 m a semiparasitic plant . Ayurvedic Bandaaka, Suvarna-bandaaka. Vrikshaadani substitute . Action Vasodilator, cardiac depressant, tranquiliser, stimulates the vagus nerve which slows the pulse, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, immune enhancer, antineoplas-tic. Used for hypertension and tachycardia, as a nervine tonic. The extract of leafy twigs is anti-inflammatory...
Procedure for Exercise C Glc
1. Twig description, lake a walk outside, and collect a sample of twigs from various deciduous trees. Alter you have 5 or 6 twigs from different species, lay them out and observe their characteristics. What features do thev have in common What distinctive characters are found on some of the twigs bur not others Select one of the twigs and describe it as thoroughly as you can. At this point, use your own words and don't worry about the precise terminology. Your job is to describe the twig so...
Family Myrtaceae Mlt
Habitat Indegenous to Burma, Cambodia, Thailand, Malay Peninsula to Australia grown in Indian gardens and parks. English Cajeput tree, Swamp Tea tree, White Tea tree. Folk Kaayaaputi. The oil of Cajeput is imported into India, chiefly from France and Netherlands. Action Oil used as an expectorant in chronic laryngitis and bronchitis, and as a carminative. Acts as anthelmintic, especially against round worms. Enters into ointments for rheumatism and stiff joints, sprains and neuralgia, migraine,...
Flowering Trees and Scrubs
Knowing when to prune is just as important as knowing how to prune. To ensure proper plant response after pruning, be aware of the flowering and fruiting habits of the plants. As a general rule, plants that flower before July 1 should be pruned immediately after flowering. When flowers fade and are no longer showy, it is time to remove the spent flowers if fruit is not desirable and shape the new growth that will mature and develop flower bud set for the following spring. These plants develop...
Cheilanthes feei slender lip fern
Epithet is after French botanist Antoine F e 1789-1874 . Evergreen, 6 to 10 in. 15 to 25 cm .Zones 5 to 8. Apogamous. Upright fronds of Cheilanthes eatonii among rocks in the Horder garden. The underside of a fertile frond on Cheilanthes farinosa showing the namesake white farina. Cheilanthes fendleri silhouetted against a stump in the Carstensen garden. Cheilanthes fendleri silhouetted against a stump in the Carstensen garden. A colony of Cheilanthes feei on the east side of the Ladronas...
Insect Reproduction Growth and Development
Most insects develop from an egg and, upon hatching, have a form different from that of the adult. The series of form changes as an insect develops from egg to adult is called metamorphosis. The young insect is covered with a more or less firm skin called the exoskeleton. As the insect feeds, it grows inside this skin, but it cannot increase in volume because it is restricted by its exoskeleton. A new elastic exoskeleton then forms under the old rigid exoskeleton. The old exoskeleton splits...
Top Fruit
The domesticated apple Malus domestica Borkh. is the most important pome-fruit worldwide. It ranked fourth within the fruit crops in 2006 behind bananas, grapes and citrus, with approximately 64 million t produced on 4.7 million ha http faostat.fao.org . The genus Malus apples comprises approximately 55 species, including M. domestica Borkh. and numerous wild species Phipps et al. 1990 . Only the domesticated apple is economically important. All Malus species are grouped into infrageneric...
Capitophorus elaeagni del Guercio Homoptera Aphididae
Distribution. This species is found in temperate regions throughout the world, but probably is of European origin. It is the most common and damaging aphid affecting artichoke in California. Host Plants. The summer hosts of this aphid are artichoke and Cirsium and Carduus thistles. The winter hosts are Elaeagnus spp. trees and shrubs, principally Russian olive, E. angustifolia. Natural Enemies. Natural enemies are not well known, but Lange 1941 reported that lady beetles Coleoptera...
Date palm
Seedlings of the date palm normally produce fruit that is fit only for feeding camels. Furthermore, this palm has a breeding cycle of six years, and its vegetative propagation is very slow. The palm is also dioecious, meaning that each palm is either male or female, but not both. Choosing a male parent on the basis of fruit quality is possible but very difficult. Date palms also occupy a lot of space. Amateurs could be involved in the screening of existing populations of seedling date palms...
Mist Propagation
Cuttings are most likely to form roots if i they have plenty of leaf ii they are exposed to strong light iii they have a rooting medium that is biologically and nutritionally inert and iv they are kept in a 100 humidity. These conditions are met in a simple apparatus called a mist propagator. When the cuttings have plenty of leaf, and plenty of light, they can manufacture all the carbohydrates they need in order to grow roots. But they must be kept moist until they are able to produce enough...
Cultivating Roses
Roses need plenty of nutrients and regular watering to grow vigorously and flower profusely. You don't need synthetic chemical rose fertilizers, though many organic options are available. Organic fertilizers such as fish emulsion, compost, and aged manure not only contribute nutrients to soils but also provide organic matter that has positive, long-term benefits on soil health. Compared with chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers also release their nutrients more slowly over a longer period...
Ranunculus sceleratus Linn
Habitat The plains of northern India, and the warm valleys of the Himalayas from Kashmir to Assam. English Blister Buttercup, Celery-leaved Crowfoot. Ayurvedic Kaandira, Kaandakatu-ka, Naasaa-samvedana, Toyavalli, Sukaandaka. Action Fresh Plant highly acrid, rubefacient, vesicant and toxic causes inflammation of the digestive tract. Used after drying or as a homoeopathic medicine for skin diseases. The plant contains anemonin, pro-toanemonin, ranunculine, serotonin and other tryptamine...
Starch and Cellulose Starch
Starch is the major reserve carbohydrate in plants. Potato, maize, cassava and wheat provide the main sources of energy in the human diet, but also serve for many industrial processes like adhesives, cosmetics, detergents, paper, textiles and pharmaceuticals Davis et al. 2003 . Starch is also used for the production of biodegradable plastics as an alternative to petroleum-based products. However, native starches from various plant species have limited physiochemical properties, and thus are...
Growing methods
The following is a selection ot flowering and foliage plants commonly grown in the greenhouse by amateur gardeners. There arc, of course, hundreds of such plants suitable tor growing under glass or plastic, but space allows us to deal with only a few. The selection is, however, varied enough to plan a range of alternative programmes, including mixed cropping with food plants str Chapter 6 , Each pot plant should be regularly examined for signs ul posts and diseases Each pot plant should be...
Maize in tropical Africa
The behaviour of maize in tropical Africa, following the introduction of the re-encounter disease Puccinia polysora, is now the classic example of horizontal resistance Vanderplank, 1968 Robinson, 1976, 1987 . On the appearance of the disease, in the 1940s and 1950s, the horizontal resistance of local landraces was minimal and, in areas of maximal epidemiological competence, the crop loss was total. Some ten to fifteen maize generations later, the horizontal resistance was maximal, and the crop...
What are some different lettuce cultivars
Butterhead lettuce. Butterhead lettuces have softer heads of crumpled, fine-textured, tender leaves. 'Buttercrunch' and 'Pirat' are typical butterhead lettuces. Cos Romaine lettuce. Cos lettuce is a loose-heading lettuce with long, dark green, smooth, upright leaves. There are also red cultivars available. Seed early outdoors, or start plants indoors and transplant for early summer harvest. Seedings in July also result in high quality lettuce for fall harvest. Space plants 6 to 8 inches apart...
Plant propagation
Most greenhouse operators in Canada grow their own transplants. This is a desirable practice because it reduces the possibility of importing diseases and insects. However, transplant raising in other countries has been practiced successfully by specialized nurseries that ensure a reliable supply of low-cost high-quality transplants to local growers through the application of modern technology. Plant propagation is a vitally important stage in greenhouse vegetable production. The success of a...
Euphorbia dracunculoides
Habitat Throughout India in the plains and low hills. Ayurvedic Saatalaa, Saptalaa, Sapralaa, Viduraa, Charmasaahvaa, Charmakashaa. Siddha Tamil Tillakada, Thusimul-lai. Action Fruit removes warts topically. Plant extract choliner-gic. The aerial parts are used as a vegetable for maintaining smooth and regular movement of bowels. The alcoholic and aqueous extracts of aerial parts showed significant action on gastro-intestinal motility in rats. The activity is more pronounced in alcoholic...
Family Buxaceae
Habitat The Himalayas and the hills of North-eastern India up to 2,700 m. Folk Geru Garhwal, Patiala , Tiliari Jaunsar , Sukatsing Ku-maon . 584 Sarcostemma brevistigma W. amp A. Action Leaves used in the treatment of rheumatism and fever. The leaves contain steroidal alkaloids, including saracosine, saracodine and saracodinine also betulin. Aerial parts exhibit spasmolytic, diuretic and anti-inflammatory activity. Steroidal alkaloids induce non-recoverable fall in blood pressure in dogs.
Unani Manjeeth
Action Roots and dried stem blood purifier, astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue, deobstruent, antidysenteric, antiseptic, alterative. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn-dia recommends the use of the dried stem in blood, skin and urinogenital disorders dysentery piles, ulcers, inflammations erysipelas, skin diseases and rheumatism. Roots, leaves and seeds of R. cordifolia, R. tinctorum and allied species are used in amenorrhoea, liver diseases, gall and spleen complaints. Mutagenic and carcinogenic...
Gardening by the Moon
Pliny the Elder did it, and so did your great grandparents. They planted gardens by the phases of the moon, using a method practiced in rural communities for over two thousand years. It was so well established in the first century AD that it became part of the 'natural history' that Pliny wrote about in his series of the same name. A method proven successful over that length of time deserves more than a label of folklore. It deserves a trial in our gardens too. Superior gardens are what...
What is compost
When animals and plants die, they decompose surprisingly quickly. The body of an adult human, if exposed to the elements, is reduced to a mere skeleton in about three weeks. The bones last longer, but not a great deal. Shakespeare was right when his gravedigger in Hamlet Act V, Scene I estimated there was not much left of a cadaver after eight or nine years. Even huge trees go the same way, and about as quickly. The end product of this composting process is a remarkably resistant and complex...
English Rohida tree
Ayurvedic Rohitaka, Rohi, Daadimpushpaka, Daadimchhada, Plihaghna. Amoora rohituka is also known as Rohitaka. Action Bark relaxant, cardiotonic, choleretic. Heartwood toxic due to lapachol. Used for the treatment of leucorrhoea, diseases of the liver and spleen, leucoderma, syphilis and other skin diseases. The bark contains tecomin veratryl beta-D-glucoside , alkanes, alkanols and beta-sitosterols. The bark also yielded chromone glycosides undu-latosides A and B, and iridoid glu-cosides...
Roncardo
3 F1 hybrid, 75 days This plant from Holland produces large tomatoes in clusters of 4-6. Shows good disease resistance. Characteristics Large, red, sweet fruits usually in the range of 4-5oz 100-150g , but some fruits may be larger beefsteak types. How to enjoy Well-flavored fruits are perfect sliced in sandwiches or burgers. Large fruits not always as r lt as this 3 F1 hybrid, 75 days Consistently heavy-cropping plant from France with excellent disease resistance, even outdoors....
Organic Soil Conditioners
Nutrient amp Water-Holding Capacity Organic sludge and compost are useful for modifying soil structure Has high nutrient content, but must be well rotted Should be well decom-popsed adds usable nutrients Untreated is high in carbon, low in nitrogen, can be purchased with nigrogen added Adds nitrogen 1 5 lb. per 10 cu. ft. Granular, easy to use helps break up heavy soild Needs nitrogen if untreated 1 lb. per 10 cu. ft. ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT PLANT NUTRIENTS AND MORE Symptions of soil...
Sowing herbaceous seeds
Seeds should be sown in pans dwarf pots or seed trays, depending on the quantity of seed available. If the seeds are slow to germinate, fill the container with a loam-based compost, which will maintain its structure over a long period despite being exposed to natural weather conditions. Peat-based compost will suffice for seeds sown in spring. Firm the compost to the corners and the base of container then strike off the compost. 4 Firm the seeds gently into the compost with a presser board. 5...
No Hassle Refund
9 attachments 1 motor 1 immaculate garden The tiller works as a motorised hoe for your garden beds and for weeding. As a forrower the Mantis cuts a fine tilth it can even dig drainage ditches And if you're planting trees or hushes, the Mantis will dig the holes for you, quickly and effortlessly. The loosened soil gives your plants the best start in their growth life. The tiller can instantly be converted into a dethatcher to clear the thatch and moss from your lawn quickly, carefully and...
Lactuca virosa Linn
Habitat Native to Europe. Imported into India. English Bitter Lettuce, Wild Lettuce. Unani Kaahuu Sahrai var. , Kaahuu Barri var. . Action Mild sedative, hypnotic, once used as a substitute for opium , anodyne, expectorant. Key application Assedative. The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Used in insomnia, nervous excitability, anxiety, restlessness, hyperactivity in children, nymphomania, smoker's cough, irritable cough and bronchitis. Aerial parts contain sesquiterpene glycosides. The leaves and...