Corchorus aestuans Linn
Habitat Throughout the warmer parts of India, as a weed. English White Jute. Tossa Jute is equated with C. olitorius Linn. . Ayurvedic Chunchu, Chanchu, Chinchaa. bigger var. is equated with C. olitorius smallar var. with C. capsularis. Folk Chench shaaka, Titapat Bengal . Action Seeds and aerial parts stomachic, anti-inflammatory. Used in pneumonia. The seeds contain cardenolides, beta-sitosterol, ceryl alcohol, oligosaccharides. The aerial parts contain triterpenoidal glycosides...
Irrigation plans
The most sustainable irrigation approach of all is a water-harvesting system. You don't really need to draw plans for that part of the project. However, you do need to understand how it all works and how to create a system on your property. I cover that thoroughly in Chapter 8. If you decide to install a permanent irrigation system, there are a couple of ways to determine how it all goes together. For most small systems, an understanding of basic irrigation design principles and a little time...
Cheilanthes lindheimeri
Epithet is after Ferdinand Lindheimer 1801-1879 , the first permanent-resident plant collector in Texas. Evergreen, 8 to 12 in. 20 to 30 cm . Zones 7 to 9. Apogamous. description The rhizome is long-creeping. Stipes are dark, woolly and one-half the length of the frond. Ten to fifteen Cheilanthes lindheimeri with dryland companions at the University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley. Cheilanthes lindheimeri with dryland companions at the University of California Botanical Garden at...
How Deep
How deep should you plant a seed This depends a lot on the size of the seed and the soil you plant it in. Generally speaking, a seed s depth is two to four times the thickness of the seed. Its important to place your seeds below a moist surface to prevent it from drying out. loo close to the surface and it can dry out from the hot sun. Once a seed receives moisture and begins sprouting known as breaking dormancy , it will die if it dries out so don t forget to water regularly. How to Plant Your...
Type of leaves flowers and roots
This section isn't a botany lesson. The reason you need to know plant parts when you're planning a garden is that it will help you choose plants with flowers and foliage that complement each other from a design perspective, and it will help you foresee challenges such as trying to plant under trees with shallow roots. Each leaf characteristic influences the overall appearance of a plant. I won't bore you with the scores of words botanists have come up with to describe leaves, but here are a few...
Recurrent mass selection
The breeding method of the Biometricians, designed to increase the levels of desirable, quantitative variables by changing the frequency of polygenes. In each screening generation, the best individuals are selected, and they become the parents of the next screening generation. This process is repeated for as many generations as necessary, but the rate of progress declines dramatically after a few generations. See also early selection, Family selection, Late selection, Pedigree breeding,...
Where should I grow my tomatoes
Tomatoes are very adaptable plants and most will grow well in containers, in the ground, as well as under cover. Choose a site where you can appreciate the plants when they come into their full bloom. Growing tomatoes in pots means they are easy to transport, so you can position them where you like. They prefer a warm, sunny, sheltered position where they will have protection from excessive wind and rain. Large plants may become too top-heavy for the pot or exhaust the water and nutrient supply...
Making the grade
After you've determined the slope, grading proceeds in three phases. First you strip away the sod, if any, shovel up topsoil, and set the two aside for reuse. Next, you establish the rough grade by removing or adding subsoil. Finally, you replace the topsoil, smooth it, then lay sod or plant. Skim sod by slicing into it with a pointed spade held almost parallel to the ground. Separate sod from the soil underneath with short, jabbing strokes, rolling it up as you go. If you have lots of sod to...
Gel With The Soil
To save on water on the plot, I plan to fork in water retaining crystals the type you use 1 Build the base up from below ground level using concrete blocks. Level using short lengths of timber to raise up the lowest blocks 2 Lay sturdy planks between the blocks and set the base of the shed in position 3 Build repair the sides and prop each one in position with lengths of timber then screw nail to the base and each other 4 Check that the door opening is square and level 5 When all of the sides...
Adding an automatic irrigation controller
The busy folks at the American Water Works Association found that installing an automatic controller on a manual system increases water use by 47 percent. This statistic seems to indict controllers as being very nonsustainable. But when properly used, controllers really can save lots of water. Don't assume you need a controller. It isn't a requisite component of a good irrigation system, and there's no shame in having a manually operated system that you turn on and off yourself. Still, if you...
Graptophyllum picum L Griff
Synonym Artemisia maderaspatana Linn. Habitat Throughout the greater part of India. Ayurvedic Aakaarakarabha substitute doubtful . Folk Mastaru, Mukhatari, Maachipatri Maharashtra . Action Leaf stomachic, antispas-modic, sedative, emmenagogue, deobstruent, antiseptic. Used in amenorrhoea. Aerial parts of the plant afforded clerodane derivatives. Presence of phytol, lupeol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, a phenylalanine derivative, hardwicki-ic acid, strictic acid and butenolides, is reported. Aura...
Armyworms and cutworms Beet armyworm Other caterpillars Saltmarsh
Pests with Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts Thrips Onion, tobacco, western flower Other Pests Occasionally Found on Onion and Related Plants Armyworms and cutworms Armyworm, fall, yellow-striped, and western yellowstriped armyworm army, black, clover, darksided, dingy, granulate, pale western, redbacked, spotted, and variegated cutworm Blister beetles Black, immaculate Borers Potato stem Crickets Shortwinged, southern and tawny mole Mormon Grasshoppers Differential, eastern lubber, migratory,...
Fall Armyworm
Description Light green to black, striped black head with inverted white Y on the front of the head about 1 1 2 inches long. Feeds at night. Damage Attacks the young emerging corn leaves in the whorl and the ear in a manner similar to the corn earworm. Fall armyworms will chew through the husks to attack the kernels, whereas corn earworms enter the tip. Often several fall armyworms are found in an ear. What to do Apply a recommended insecticide. Plant early.
Crop rotation
Some important soil-borne pests and diseases attack specific crops, such as potato cyst nematode on potato and club root on cruciferous plants. As they are soil-borne, they are slow in their dispersal, but are difficult to control. By the simple method of planting a given crop in a different plot each season, such pests or diseases are excluded from their preferred host crop for a number of years, during which their numbers will slowly decline. A gardener often creates five or six plots...
Acerola cherry
Acerola cherry is the amazing vitamin C tree. This relatively small tree two to five metres high is known throughout the Caribbean as the tree of life and is one of the richest sources of vitamin C. Between 1,000 and 4,700 mg of this important vitamin are contained in each 100 g of fruit. The plant is extremely attractive with dark green leaves and pink or white flowers. When the acerola is in fruit the bright red berries are quite eye-catching. It can be pruned to bush size or used as a hedge...
Polygonum aviculare Linn
English Knotgrass, Knotweed, Mexican Sanguinaria. Action Astringent and haemostatic. Used for excessive menstruation, bleeding piles bleeding from bowel, stomach, lungs, nose, throat mucous colitis, children's summer diarrhoea. Key application In mild catarrhs of the respiratory tract, inflammatory changes to the oral and pharyngeal mucosa. German Commission E. The plant gave flavonoids including quercetin, avicularin, quercitrin, and derivatives of kaempferol, esculetin and scopoletin. The...
Miscellaneous 1
The easier species of Heliamphora to grow are H. heterodoxa, H. nutans, and H. minor. The stigma is receptive to pollen for a few days immediately following the opening of the flower, while the anthers produce mature pollen about one week after the stigma has ceased to be receptive. Because of the timing of pollen maturation and stigma receptivity, the pollen from one flower cannot pollinate a pistil in the same flower. Therefore, two or more flowers must be mature at about the same time or the...
Testing on your own or sending a sample to the tab
Home test kits give you a basic pH reading and an estimation of the major nutrients in your soil. Nurseries and garden centers sell test kits ranging from extremely simple to elaborate. The more sophisticated tests cost more but give you more accurate results. You can also send a soil sample to a lab for testing. The nutrient level and pH test results are more accurate and detailed than those provided by home kits. In addition, testing labs can look for things that home kits can't, such as...
Choice of material anatomical and economical considerations
Plant material to be used as growing medium must be chosen carefully in order to obtain sufficient physical properties in the end product. Based on results from the SEM studies as well as water retention capacities and particle size distribution, hemp was expected to be a suitable structural component in plant based compost Dresboll and Magid, submitted Dresboll and Thorup-Kristensen, submitted B . Although a large part of the hemp stem is readily degraded, the remaining parts seem to be...
Techniques Used to Detect a Transgenic Plant
To detect genetic modifications in plants in general for the methods of genetic modification, see Chaps. 1, 2 two different techniques could be applied Anklam et al. 2002 Holst-Jensen 2007 . One is based on the detection of genetic material DNA , for example by polymerase chain reaction PCR . This technique is most versatile for the detection of GM plants and therefore preferably used and chosen for many applications Lipp et al. 2005 . The alternative approach is detecting the newly expressed...
Index 1
Native trees 109 Natural ecology 34 Nitrogen 4 No-dig gardening 10 No-dig gardening in the tropics 44 Okra 66 Onions 66 Orange 94 Organic matter 3 Parsley 22 Passionfruit 81 Pawpaw 101 Peas 53, 67 Pecans 106 Pest Control 28 pH testing 8 Phosphorus 4 Plant propagation 35 Planting young trees 107 Potassium 8 Potassium Permanganate Condy's Crystals 33 Potatoes 67 Propagating fruit trees 76 Pyrethrum 28 Saving seed 37 Seedlings 35 Shallots 69 Silver beet 69 Spinach 52 Spring onions 69 Squash 69...
Organic greenhouse production
Organic production in Denmark has evolved during the last decades. The number of organic farms has increased from 400 in 1989 to 3500 in 2003 Danish Plant Directorate, 2003 . However, the organic greenhouse production has not followed the same steep increase. The greenhouse vegetable production covers only 6.2 ha Danish Plant Directorate, 2003 corresponding to less than 5 of total greenhouse vegetable production, and production of ornamentals and herbs are almost non-existing. One of the major...
What Is a Pest
A pest is not a biological phenomenon it is an anthropomorphic designation. For example, we consider termites as beneficial organisms when they live in forests, converting dead trees into soil organic matter. The same insects are pests when they feed on wood-associated human structures. In both cases, the termite behavior is the same, but in one case we place no value on the wood being consumed, and in the other we assign high economic value. Sometimes the mere presence of insects causes...
Defects
Crop defects may have genetic, physiological, pathological or mechanical origins, or alternatively result from the presence of extraneous organic or inorganic items. Defects inherent in the crop resulting from interactions between genotype, environment and microbial pathogens are dealt with later in this chapter. Surface blemishes, insect deposits, fungal growth, necrotic zones and virus-induced yellowing can all constitute defects of Brassica crops. Mechanical damage includes cuts, bruises and...
Lets Get Growing
We're almost ready and now for the moment we've all been waiting for It's time to put your new knowledge to use and get started growing. In this chapter we will explore some of the more popular cultivars, and learn about their preferred growing environments. We'll also learn about starting from seed, and how to take and root cuttings. But before we get started, lets quickly recap a few more important plant requirements. Temperature - The rate at which plants grow is controlled by the...
Prunus armeniaca
The apricot, which originated in western China and, like the peach, is normally self-pollinated. Apricots can be hybridised with plums to produce 'plumcots'. Not recommended for amateur breeders . Prunus avium The sweet cherry, which is a diploid . There are also a number of other cherry species , some of which are tetraploid, including the sour cherry, Prunus cerasus. The commercial importance of cherries has declined with rising labour costs and the rewards for amateur breeders are unlikely...
Citrus
This large tropical and subtropical group covers a wide range of juicy fruits from tiny kumquats to huge pummelos, which require almost frost-free climates to produce fruit most can take 25-28 degrees Fahrenheit for several hours and hot summers to help ripen and sweeten the fruit. These trees need temperatures between 70-90 degrees Fahrenheit for best growth. In the United States, the citrus-growing region is limited to Florida, coastal areas of the Gulf Coast states, and parts of Arizona and...
Hornworms Tobacco and Tomato
Description Large, green caterpillars with white bars up to 3 or 4 inches long with a slender horn projecting from near the rear end. Damage Hornworms feeds on leaves, consuming large amount of foliage. Leaf loss may result in stunting and fruit scald. What to do Handpicking and destruction are often easily accomplished because of size. If large numbers of hornworms or plants are involved, use a recommended insecticide. Description Winding white trails or broad white spots appear on leaves,...
Michelia champaca Linn
Habitat Eastern Himalayas, lower hills of Assam, hills of South India up to 1,000 m., cultivated in various parts of India. Ayurvedic Champaka, Svarna Champaka, Hemapushpa, Chaam-peya. Action Flowers bitter, carminative, antispasmodic, demulcent, antiemetic, diuretic used for dy-suria , antipyretic. Fruits used for dyspepsia and renal diseases. Bark stimulant, diuretic and febrifuge. Dried root and root bark purgative and emmena-gogue. Externally flower oil is used as an application in...
Hypena scabra Fabricius Lepidoptera Noctuidae
Distribution. This native species is found widely in eastern North America. It is recorded from all states east of the Great Plains, and there are occasional records from the Rocky Mountain region. As a pest, however, it is best known from the soybean-growing areas of the midwest and southeast where it has an abundance of suitable host material. In Canada, green cloverworm is known from southern Ontario, but it rarely causes serious damage. Host Plants. Larvae of green cloverworm develop...
Coleus amboinicus Lour
The leaf extract has shown regulatory influence on calcium oxalate stone formation in experimental rats. In folk medicine, leaves are used internally for expelling kidney stone the herb is also known as Paashaanbhedi . Homoeopathic medicine, prepared from fresh leaves, is used in the affections of urinary organs, especially in difficult urination or in burning pains during and after urination. The aerial parts from Pakistan yield an essential oil 0.1 which contains thymol 79.6 whereas in Fijian...
Other effects on soil
Beneficial soil organisms see p320 are affected by soil acidity and liming. A few soil-borne disease-causing organisms tend to occur more frequently on lime deficient soils see clubroot , whereas others are more prevalent in well-limed soils. Calcium sometimes improves soil structure and soil stability. It is probable that this is mainly because it encourages root activity and creates conditions favourable for decomposition of organic matter, yielding humus see p326 . Free lime in clay soils...
Spodoptera eridania Cramer Ledidoptera Noctuidae
Distribution. This insect is native to the Americas, occurring widely in North, Central and South America and the Caribbean. In the United States, southern armyworm is found principally in the southeastern states. Although its range extends west to Kansas, New Mexico, and California, this species is of little consequence in western states. Host Plants. Southern armyworm has a very broad host range. Some of the vegetables injured are beet, cabbage, carrot, collards, cowpea, eggplant, okra,...
The classification of plants
Any classification system involves the grouping of organisms or objects using characteristics common to members within the group. A classification can be as simple as dividing things by colour or size. Fundamental to most systems and making the effort worthwhile is that the classification meets a purpose has a use. This is generally to make life simpler such as to find books in a library they can be classified in different, but helpful ways, e.g. by subject or date or particular use. Terms that...
English Indian Napellus
Ayurvedic Visha, Shringika-Visha, Vatsanaabha related sp. . Action Sedative, antirheumatic, analgesic, antitussive, antidiar-rhoeal. Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part I and Part II, equated A. chasmanthum with Vatsanaabha. See A.ferox. It has the same uses as A. ferox. The alkaloid content of the root ranges from 2.98 to 3.11 includes chasmaconitine and chasmanthinine. Napellus, equated with Aconitum napellus Linn., is indigenous to Central Europe named after the Black sea port Aconis and...
Agrotis orthogonia Morrison Lepidoptera Noctuidae
Distribution. This native species is found in semiarid regions of the western United States and Canada. Its distribution is largely restricted to the western edge of the Great Plains and eastern portions of the Rocky Mountains, including southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, most of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and Utah, and northern New Mexico. It also occurs in portions of adjoining states, and has been particularly troublesome in western Kansas. Host Plants. Larvae generally feed on grasses and...
Castanea sativa
The Romans introduced this remarkable Italian tree to Britain during their long spell of dominion and colonisation, from a.d.42 to a.d.410 their object was to raise the familiar nuts which were, in Italy, a staple food for their legionaries. But the British climate does not encourage a good chestnut harvest, and nearly all the nuts we eat today are imported. In the south of England, the chestnut ripens fertile seeds, and it has sprung up here and there in the woods, ever since Roman times. From...
Highbush Cranberries
Viburnum trilobum, Viburnum opulus var. americana Highbush cranberries also known as American cranberry bush are in the same family as elderberries. The size and color of the fruit are the only characteristics this species has in common with commercial cranberries. Bushes grow to 15 feet tall and become rather formal and rounded in shape. They make a great hedge or privacy screen. The flowers are very small and white and are borne in large terminal cymes that are 3 to 4 inches across, similar...
Compare These Carbohydratecontaining Foods For Yourself And Feel Good About
M cup CalciK Healthy Harvest whole grain pasta, cooked Try one of my favourite Catelli Healthy Harvest pasta recipe creations. This recipe is quick, easy and incredibly nutritious. Uz Pearson, Registered. Dietitian ROTI NI WITH ARTICHOKE HEARTS amp DRIED CRANBERRIES MAKES 6 SERVINGS EACH SERVING IS ABOUT 1 CUPS - i box 375 g Catelli Healthy Harvest - 3 tbsp 45 mL extra virgin olive oil - can 170 tnL 6 fl oz marinated artichoke hearts, drained and chopped - 2 3 cup 165 mL dried cranberries -1...
The Unheated Greenhouse
The unhealed greenhouse is a valuable asset to any gardener hut it is rather limited in its scope. The choice of plants must necessarily he restricted to the more hardy or those which need only slight protection during the winter months. An unhealed greenhouse becomes more useful if it is lined with thin polythene sheeting to serve the same purpo .- as double glazing. This certainly helps to keep out less severe frosts and maintain a higher temperature, thus making it possible to grow a w ider...
Planting out lychee trees
You should prepare a large planting hole, at least ten times larger than the container, but do not dig down into the sub-soil. To the soil you've removed add 500 g of rock phosphate, 200 g of lime or dolomite, 15 kg of compost and five kg of fowl manure. Mix this well and plant the tree in the mixture. Do not plant it too deeply, to allow for adequate drainage. Mulch the tree thickly with hay or straw taking care to leave 15 cm clear around the trunk. Water in the trees thoroughly and keep them...
Petunia
Family Nightshade Height 6 to 24 inches A B P, Hardiness half-hardy Growing Season Spring late Summer yes Fall early Winter no Seed to Harvest Flower 14 weeks Seeds Storage Weeks to Maturity 8 to 10 weeks Indoor Seed Starting 8 to 10 weeks before first frost Earliest Outdoor Planting after last frost Additional Plantings not needed Last Planting not needed Petunias are one of the easiest annuals to grow, especially if they are purchased as plants. They are branching, creeping plants with...
Cimex lectularius
A flat, wingless, reddish-brown, hemipterous bug, known as the bed bug, of interest in that the natural pyrethins in Chrysanthemum cineriifolium have remained a stable insecticide after centuries of use in Dalmatia. CIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo. Located near Texcoco, in Mexico, this is the home of the miracle wheats, and it is a bastion of pedigree breeding and single-gene resistances. With IRRI, these are perhaps the best examples of autocratic plant breeding, as...
Buying bulbs from home stores and nurseries
You can buy bulbs in so many places these days. If you're a novice and need some planting information, want top-size bulbs, and need help with your selection, garden centers and nurseries are often your best choice. Home centers have a reasonable selection but usually sell smaller bulbs, and they rarely provide much gardening information. Here are the advantages of buying bulbs in person 1 Instant gratification and impulse buying You can get the bulbs you want, or come across others that tempt...
Cotinis nitida Linnaeus Coleoptera Scarabaeidae
Distribution. Green June beetle is found principally in the southeastern states. It occurs north to southern Connecticut and southern Illinois, and west to Kansas and Texas. This insect is native to North America. Host Plants. This insect is well known for the feeding habits of the adult stage because the injury of this stage is very visible. The adults feed commonly on ripening fruits such as apricot, apple, blackberry, fig, grape, nectarine, pear, plum, prune, quince, raspberry, and...
Knowing your termites
These wood-eating pests fall into two categories subterranean termites, which are quite widespread, and drywood termites, which live in warm climates. The Southern United States and California are at highest risk for both kinds of termites. Within these categories are a number of species, each with its specific behavior patterns. Check with local organic pest-control professionals for details on what works against the termites in your area. Subterranean termites generally are controlled with...
Construct fake fences and walls with corrugated cardboard or sheets of plywood
Materials from your mock-up can come from the waste stream, of course. Buying them new and using them once would be the antithesis of what sustainable landscaping is all about, so use what you have or look to neighbors or local businesses. Dumpster diving is no shame. Oh, and that gypsum or lime is good for the soil, so no harm done there. Observe the finished landscape from every angle. Walk the paths and sit on the patio with a cool drink. See how you like it. Live with it for a few days or...
Crinum latifolium Linn
Habitat Wild as well as cultivated as an ornamental. Ayurvedic Sudarshana, Sukhadar-shana, Chakraangi, Somvalli, Madhuparnikaa. Action Bulb rubefacient, an-tirheumatic. Also used for piles and tubercular fistula. The alkaloids, crinafoline and crina-folidine, have been isolated from the plant. These along with crinafoline methochloride exhibited significant tumour-inhibiting activity in vivo. The plant extract in also used in allergic condition. This activity is attributed to the presence of...
Plant Disease Diagnosis and Management contd
IV. Diseases Caused by Abiotic Nonliving, Nonparasitic, or A. High or Low Temperatures 6 B. High or Low Soil Moisture 6 C. High or Low Light Intensity 6 D. Lack Aeration or Low Oxygen Supply 6 F. Nutrient Deficiencies 7 H. Unfavorable Soil pH 7 I. Pesticide Toxicity 7 J. Improper Cultural Practices 7 V. Diagnosing Plant Disease Problems 7 A. Why Is Diagnosis Important 7 VI. Principles of Plant Disease Control 9 A. Exclusion of the Pathogen 9 C. Use of Disease-Resistant Cultivars 10 D. Chemical...
Piling up stone retaining walls
Lucky is the property owner who has an abundance of good solid stones on the land. Stones are useful for many landscaping applications, especially for retaining slopes. Even if you don't have stone on your land, local stone is low in embodied energy and delivers a durable result at little environmental cost. Speaking of cost, stone can often be had for the hauling, especially from farmers' fields and construction sites. If your soil is stable and your wall isn't too tall, start with a base...